Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration
Article Title: Alzheimer’s disease protective allele of Clusterin modulates neuronal excitability through lipid-droplet-mediated neuron-glia communication
doi: 10.1186/s13024-025-00840-1
Figure Lengend Snippet: AD risk SNP rs1532278 shows allele-specific open chromatin (ASoC) and cis-regulates CLU expression in iGlut. A Schematic research design. ATAC-seq was performed to identify OCRs and GWAS risk SNPs that showed ASoC in iPSC Glutaminergic (iGlut), GABAergic (iGABA), and dopaminergic (iDA) neurons, and microglia (iMG) and astrocytes (iAst), which is followed by transcription factor (TF) binding prediction to confirm putative functional AD risk SNP, CRIPSR-cas9 SNP editing, and functional assays in cells. B ASoC mapping identifies intronic rs1532278 as a putatively functional SNP among several other GWAS risk SNPs equivalently associated with AD at the CLU locus. Note that rs1532278 is the only SNP within the neuronal OCR with a stronger OCR peak in iGlut. C T and C alleles of rs1532278 show differential allelic ATAC-seq reads (i.e., ASoC) in iGlut. The bottom panel shows the two most conserved TF binding motifs at the SNP site. D Schematic CLU gene structure near rs1532278 (upper panel) and a diagram showing CRISPR-Cas9 editing of rs1532278 in two iPSC lines (CD05 and CD07; T/C) to covert T/C lines to isogenic T/T and C/C lines (middle panel, representative Sanger sequencing result from CD07 line). Representative images of iGlut (CD07 line) of all three genotypes are also shown (bottom panel); MAP2 and HuNu (human nuclear antigen) staining shows the morphology of iGlut and neuron purity in iGlut-mAst co-cultures. E – F ISL2 ChIP-qPCR on day 30 iGlut-mAst co-cultures. n = 3 biological replicates from one clone per line of one independent differentiation. G - H ISL2 siRNA knockdown in day- 30 pure iGlut (T/T) cultures. Samples of 72 h post-siRNA transfection were used for qPCR. n = 3 biological replicates from one clone per line of one independent differentiation. I Neuronal CLU mRNA level in isogenic iGlut-mAst co-cultures of different genotype of rs1532278 (human-specific CLU qPCR assay was used). n = 6 biological replicates per group (2–3 clones per line and 2–3 biological replicates for each clone) from two independent differentiations of each line. J Secreted CLU (sCLU) detected by ELISA from the supernatant of iGlut-mAst co-cultures. n = 4 biological replicates per group (2 clones per line and 2 biological replicates per clone) from two independent differentiations of each line. K - L Immunofluorescence staining of CLU in day 25 pure iGlut cultures. n = 6–7 coverslips per group (In total: 2 clones per line and 3–4 coverslips for each clone and 3–5 images per coverslip; shown are example images of CD05) from two independent differentiations of each line. Data, mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001. Scale bars are indicated in each image
Article Snippet: ELISA quantifications of human CLU (R&D system, DCLU00, specific for human CLU), human Aβ 1–40 (R&D system, DAB140B), human Aβ 1–42 (R&D system, DAB142), and mouse CLU (R&D system, MCLU00, specific for mouse CLU) were performed according to the vendors’ protocol.
Techniques: Expressing, Binding Assay, Functional Assay, CRISPR, Sequencing, Staining, ChIP-qPCR, Knockdown, Transfection, Clone Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunofluorescence